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- A "Causal agent"
* a - is a more precise term for "germ"; an organism implicated in a disease.
b - is a successful employee of an insurance company.
c - is a chemical reagent that kills cells.
d - works undercover for the FBI.
e - none of the above

- According to the terminology employed in this course, the phylogenetic domain "Eukarya" includes:
* a - All organisms consisting of nucleated cells.
b - Bacteria
c - Bacteria and Archaea
d - Fungi and Algae only
e - Archaea

- Which of the following shapes are not displayed by bacterial cells?
* a - dashed
b - rod
c - curved
d - coccus
e - spiral

- The enzyme, autolysin, can induce lysis in bacterial walls because it interferes with :
* a - integrity of the b(1,4) glycosidic bonds between NAM and NAG
b - transpeptidation which is essential for crosslinking
c - selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane
d - the lipid carrier responsible for transport of the cell wall building blocks
e - the cytoplasmic sugar concentration, causing the cell to burst.

- Binding proteins for specific sugars or amino acids found in the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria often begin the process of nutrient import into the cell (they interact with transport proteins).
* a - true
b - false

- Which of the following compounds is a cell wall constituent found only in bacteria?
* a - N-acetyl muramic acid
b - cellulose
c - chitin
d - keratin
e - N-acetyl glucosamine

- In microbiology, the term "binary fission" refers to:
* a - a prokaryotic cell growing and dividing into two daughter cells.
b - splitting of atoms.
c - plasmid replication
d - replication of genomic DNA
e - a bacterial cell forming an endospore

- Bacteria in the arctic ocean would be classified in which group if based on its cardinal temperatures ?
* a - psychrophile
b - mesophile
c - thermophile
d - extreme thermophile
e - philantrop

- The most difficult problem in sterilization is to kill :
* a - bacterial endospores
b - contaminating Archaea
c - fungi
d - Gram-negative bacteria with extensive slime layers
e - bacteria with inclusions of hard polymers

- Which of the following compound(s) is (are) a charged diffusible (not membrane-bound) electron carrier in the bacterial cell?
a - succinyl-CoA
* b - NADH
* c - FADH2
d - ubiquinone
e - cytochrome c

- The entire series of reactions which occur when glucose is oxidized aerobically to CO2 is known as:
a - Hexose fermentation
b - Calvin cycle
c - Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway)
d - Krebs cycle (TCA, CAC)
* e - Aerobic glucose respiration

- In the heterolactic bacteria, fermentation end products are (Mark ALL correct statements):
* a - ethanol
* b - carbon dioxide
* c - lactic acid
d - glucose
e - pyruvate

- Fermentation of an oxidized or reduced substance may occur providing there is some mechanism for generating ATP.
Which of the following may satisfy this requirement (Mark ALL correct statements):
* a - using an ion gradient and membrane-bound ATPase
* b - substrate-level phosphorylation
c - via an electron transport chain
d - (a), (b) and (c)
e - none of the above

- The Calvin cycle of photoautotrophs is the:
a - pathway for organic acid biosynthesis
* b - pathway for the fixation of CO2 into 3-phosphoglycerate
c - pathway of lipid biosynthesis
d - mechanism to generate the proton motive force
e - another name for the citric acid cycle (also called tricarboxylic acid cycle)

- Reduction of NAD(P) at the expense of ATP in some bacteria occurs by mechanism known as:
a - Photoreduction
* b - reverse electron flow
c - cyclic photophosphorylation
d - linear photophosphorylation
e - Hill reaction

- The photolysis (= splitting) of water during oxygenic photosynthesis is also known as:
a - Photoreduction
b - reverse electron flow
c - cyclic photophosphorylation
d - linear photophosphorylation
* e - Hill reaction

- Chemolithotrophic bacteria are obligate anaerobic organisms.
a - true
* b - false

- Consider chlorophyll a, the principle chlorophyll of most algae and of cyanobacteria (Mark ALL true statements):
a - it absorbs green light
* b - it absorbs red and blue light
* c - it transmits green light
d - it transmits red and blue light
e - it contains one iron cation per chlorophyll ring

- Which of the following classifications are appropriate for hydrogen-utilizing bacteria capable of growing using H2 as energy source and CO2 as sole carbon source (Mark ALL correct statements):
* a - lithotroph
* b - autotroph
c - mixotroph
d - heterotroph
e - oligotroph

- "Nitrate respiration" describes the following process:
a - Assimilation of nitrogen in biosynthesis.
b - Deamination of citrate during the Krebs cycle.
* c - Use of nitrate as terminal electron acceptor in anoxygenic respiration.
d - Production of nitrate by nitrifying autolithotrophic bacteria.
e - none of the above

- Every cell has to produce 12 precursor molecules during catabolism in order to do biosynthesis.
* a - true
b - false

- The primer in the transcription of DNA is:
a - an RNA starter sequence with a free 5¹-OH group.
b - an RNA starter sequence with a free 3¹-OH group
. c - a DNA starter sequence with a free 3¹-OH group.
d - a DNA starter sequence with a free 5¹-OH group.
* e - not required.


- Most regulatory elements acting at the level of bacterial transcription are negative controls.
* a - true
b - false
- Certain DNA-binding proteins prevent initiation of the transcription of a series of genes by binding to specific DNA elements.
These DNA elements are called:
* a - operators
b - repressors
c - promoters
d - operons
e - terminators.